Personal Narrative My Birthday Friend - 1748 Words

â€Å"Hey, birthday girl,† says John as he approaches me with open arms. I allow him to embrace me as he envelopes me, I even wrap my arms tightly around his waist as I rest my cheek on his shoulder and slide my eyes closed, having exerted all my energy. Tonight, he wears a cologne, that protrudes out of his grey winter coat. Of course, his fragrance is nothing like Angelo s, but the woodland scent appeals to my senses nonetheless. I m sure I ve taken him by surprise with my affectionate greeting, though I m positive he appreciates it as his arms tighten around me. If only our reasons could match, rather than his devout affections for me, and my harrowing heartache. â€Å"You know it s not my birthday anymore, right?† I mumble into his†¦show more content†¦For a moment, I deliberated with myself before gliding my fingertips along his skin, interlocking our fingers. Only a trickle of electricity wandered through our touch. The hummingbird stayed her wings, and not even a single butterfly fluttered around my stomach. However, I wasn t about to let these insignificant details cease my pursuit of a blossoming relationship. As my gaze travels the length of his body towards his eyes, I discover he s already gazing at me with a longing in his eyes that I m unable to fulfil. Is this how Angelo perceives me? I return his smile and even allow him to press his lips against my forehead before we resume watching the movie. The flickering images meld together as my mind commences to play its own movie. Though Patsy and I are adorned in jeans and jumpers, John chose to wear a smart shirt with his jeans. Along with his aftershave, I can t help but wonder if this was all for my benefit, to somehow allure me? Maybe he believes it s working, considering my affectionate behaviour towards him. Maybe his interaction with Angelo provoked him to change his appearance, as he even tried to mimic Angelo s hair, by parting it on the right and allowing it to kiss along his left eyebrow. At this point, it wouldn t surprise me if he dyed it to match Angelo s raven hair. I banish the thoughts from my mind, only to request their return as I focus on the screen to witness a couple, passionately kissing, before retiring to theShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Narrative Of My Life1530 Words   |  7 PagesMy Personal Narrative   Ã‚  Ã‚   One event from my life that I always remember is when I was first starting school. I was wearing a Bright Blue Basketball Shirt and a pair of Bright Blue Basketball Shorts. I woke up very early that day. When my sisters finally woke up they got ready and we went outside to wait for the bus. When the bus came my mom wanted to get pictures of us. So when we arrived at school I went to class. I was extremely nervous but when my teacher told us her name I laughed. She told usRead MoreCase Study : Mr. Rocky Mountain 916 Words   |  4 PagesMr. Rocky Mountain is one of my patients in the radiation oncology clinic. I choose this case for the reason that later on I found out the Mr. Rocky is a father of one of my acquaintance and now my friend and the extent of his sickness. This paper will prove that illness narrative provide adequate subjective assessment and telling story of their illness allows the narrator to disclose what is important to their lives, what matter to the m most. To provide effective care to the patient, understandingRead MoreOur Time Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesAlex Leen 9/5/12 English 110, 11:00 Final Draft of paper 1 In the essay â€Å"Our Time† by John Edgar Wideman he often takes a break from the narrative to address that he has many problems as a writer. He does this to try to consciously address these problems and hopefully solve these problems. He believes that if these problems are not rectified he would destroy any chance he has at telling a truthful account of his brother’s story. To rectify these problems he employs a variety of unique techniquesRead MorePersonal Narrative: Freedom of Expression Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative: Freedom of Expression One activity that I enjoy doing in my spare time is playing music. I play the guitar and have been playing for nine years. I started off wanting to play when I went to a store and found a very inexpensive little thirty dollar guitar. I picked it up and started playing around with it in the store. At this time I was eight years old. During this time of my life I wasnt really involved in any activities and really wasnt that social among friendsRead MoreEssay about Being a Twin- Personal Narrative550 Words   |  3 PagesBeing a Twin- Personal Narrative As I walk through the crowded mall with my sister, little children stare, most adults do a discreet double take, and some bold adults question us outright. â€Å"Wow, are you twins?† â€Å"Do you know you look the same?† â€Å"What’s it like to be a twin?† â€Å"Do you have, like, psychic powers, or something with each other?† These are the most common questions twins hear. Almost all twins don’t really mind them and sometimes the attention is cool. Mostly, we just smileRead MoreMy Journey At Mcmaster University1406 Words   |  6 PagesHaroon December 14, 2015 Evolving Skills Review More than four months ago, I started my journey at McMaster University. The beginning was a mixture of emotions including uncertainty of the future and the natural anxiety of a new place with many new people. Before coming to university, I had heard a countless number of times that university would change me for the better, and that it was a place to make lifelong friends and learn new things. I looked forward to that change towards being a better personRead MoreFrederick Douglass: Literary Analysis Essays1243 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass: Literary Analysis† In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass explains, in great detail, how slave master would use a variety of methods to dehumanize slaves located on their plantation. These methods involved both severe physical and psychological trauma. Nevertheless, Douglass remains diligent and finds a way to resist the harsh reality of being a slave. Because of his immovable desire to acquire knowledge to his fighting encounter with MrRead MoreA Book That Is So New And Fresh On The Literary Scene1569 Words   |  7 Pagesinto nature is what makes differentiated American life and the books based on it from the European country that it gained independence from. This nature writing was revitalized by Transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau who normalized the narrative of the everyman being able to go into nature and learn about himself and the environment that he is a part of. This continues as memoirs and the creative nonfiction genre as a whole continues to grow and the spac e of untainted nature shrinks dueRead More Personal Narrative- My Near Drowning Experience Essay618 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Narrative- My Near Drowning Experience Have you ever had a moment in time that seems like minutes or hours even though it was only a few seconds? Have you ever seen everything before you play out in slow motion, where you are aware of everything around you, yet not knowing what was going on? I have, and as I look back on it, I feel very blessed and protected. On March 21, 1987, I decided to take a little swim in our swimming pool and almost drowned. On that fateful day in MarchRead More Frederick Douglass Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick Douglass details the daily horrors slaves faced. In Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass An American Slave he depicts the plight of slavery with such eloquence that only one having suffered through it could do. Douglass writes on many key topics in slave life such as separation of families, punishment, and the truth that would lead him to freedom, and how these things work to keep slavery intact. In the words of Frederick Douglass, â€Å"My mother and I were separated when I was only but an infant†¦It

Customer Relationship Mgmt - 6880 Words

Examination Paper: Customer Relationship Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper Customer Relationship Management Section A: Objective Type (30 marks) †¢ †¢ †¢ This section consists of Multiple Choice questions Short notes type questions. Answer all the questions. Part One questions carry 1 mark each Part Two questions carry 4 marks each. MM.100 Part One: Multiple Choices: 1. High congruence means: a. High probability of success b. Low probability of success c. Zero probability of success d. None of the above 2. Novo Jim’s excellent resource book for Recency, Frequency and Monetary is: a. Drilling high b. Digging the top c. Cutting edges d. Drilling down 3. What stands for ‘R’ in FURPS? a. Responsibility b.†¦show more content†¦With the growing competition in the market, the profitability of the plant had declined which greatly concerned the top management. After reviewing the situation, it was found that the human element was the biggest hurdle in achieving the set targets. There was a need to bring in attitudinal change, as both, the absenteeism and the union interference were high. This union was formed after the workers had felt that the management was exploiting them. Most of the workers had been there since the inception of the plant and the turnover was almost negligible. There was a stron g union present in the plant, which was affiliated to INTUC. The plant managers entered into a long term settlement with the union to set the daily wages and the terms and conditions of work. The long term settlement was renewed every 3 years. The workers were working in 30-day night shifts in a month. Being a textile unit, it was a process industry wherein hurdle at one point of the process would stop the whole production. Moreover, if there were delay in the takeover of the shift, the output of the entire day would be affected. In the matters of indiscipline, the workers were charge sheeted and dismissed arbitrarily. In chronic cases, the worker had to wear a badge with a slogan â€Å"I will not repeat the mistake again† for the entire day on his uniform. The company started thinking of corporate governance and hired the services of Narayan Murthy, AGM (P A and ER) for the JabalpurShow MoreRelatedJet Blue Hits Turbulence964 Words   |  4 PagesSaul Ruiz MGMT 320 Jet Blue Hits Turbulence Case Study 1. What types of information systems and business functions are described in this case? The information systems and business functions described in this case are Transaction Processing Systems (TPS), Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM, and Executive Support systems (ESS). The TPS system is responsible for tracking ticket reservations and transactions. The CRM systems provide customers the ability to communicate withRead MoreManagerial Analysis : Ulta Beauty Corporation1682 Words   |  7 Pages Managerial Analysis: Ulta Beauty Corporation Georgina Idjagboro 29 June 2015 MGMT 300 Professor Waddleton Ulta Beauty was founded in 1990 and is now the largest beauty and cosmetics retail giant in the nation. The cosmetic industry earns a whopping $245 billion dollars on average a year. Ulta Beauty’s’ long term strategic plan focuses on developing a prestigious shopping environment, and salon services for its market. The corporation is able to achieve this by four differentRead MoreCrm Concepts Approach3567 Words   |  15 Pagesimplementation of an integrated series of customer-oriented technology solutions CRM is a holistic strategic approach to managing customer relationships in order to create shareholder value 18-Nov-2009 4 Relationship Marketing 18-Nov-2009 5 Classification of CRM Analyst firms classify CRM into several types: Operational CRM Analytical CRM Collaborative CRM Other terminology used in the CRM market includes Strategic CRM e-commerce CRM Partner relationship marketing or PRM 18-Nov-2009 6 Read MoreIbm Canada Ltd: Implementing Global Strategy4564 Words   |  19 Pagesresponsibility for - among other things - introducing, maintaining and retiring software programs to support IBM Canadas business needs. On October 12, 2009, Silvanovich was speaking to his Canadian executive team about the progre ss ofthe global customer relationship management (CRM) rollout. He stated: In an ideal world, we would be fully switched over within two months, as is indicated in the plan. About half of our employees have completed training on the new program and are ready to be switchedRead MoreMgmt 340 Full Course Project: Petries Electronics978 Words   |  4 PagesMGMT 340 Full Course Project: Petries Electronics Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/MGMT%20340/mgmt-340-full-course-project-petries-electronics Product Description MGMT 340 Week 1 Project: Company Overview PackagePetries Electronics Case, Chapter 2, Questions 1, 2, and 4 1. How do information systems projects get started in organizations? 2. How are organizational information systems related to company strategy? How does strategy affect the information systems a company developsRead MoreMarketing Final Exam Cheat Sheet Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveltest mrktingcommercialization. npd req’s a customer-centered, team-based + systematic effort. prod. life cycle prod. develop: sales, ^investment, innovators introduction: slow sales, market pioneer. growth: ^ market acceptance, ^ profits, ^ comp. early adopter maturity: v sales, lvl off or v profits, v comp, middle majority decline: v sales, v profits, laggards. plc style:fashion (slow), fad (fast). prod+serv decisions quality: total quality mgmt, performance, conformance, consistency. featuresRead MorePorters Five Forces Value Chain1396 Words   |  6 PagesInfrastructure Human Resource Management Technology Development Procurement Inbound Logistics Materials handling delivery Professor Truex Support Activities Operations Outbound Marketing Logistics Sales Mfg. assembly Service Product Customer Order Pricing service processing Promotion Repair Shipping Place E-CommercePrinciples Primary Activities 5 Gaining competitive value †¢ The Value Chain model suggest that competition can come from two sources: – Lowering the cost to performRead MoreTest Questions: Corporate Planning and Strategic Management 2657 Words   |  11 Pagescentury (1900) Frederick W. Taylor father of scientific mgmt separate planning function from execution. Henry Ford total Q practices. 1920 Bell Telephone Labs development of new theories methods of inspection. Pioneers of QA: Walter Shewhart (statistics QC), Harold dodge, George Edwards, Joseph Juran, W. Edwards Dening. Post WWII: 40s 50s shortage of civilian goods in the US made production priority, Q remained in its own dept. Top mgmt showed little interest in Q relied on mass inspectionRead MoreStrategy Analysis of Ebay2687 Words   |  11 PagesMGMT 314: STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT 1: CASE STUDY – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE CHALLENGES FACING EBAY IN 2008: TIME FOR A CHANGE IN STRATEGY? SUBMITTED BY: CHAN LAI FENG ONG AINA ONG EE LING ELAINE MGMT 314 Strategic Management 3795457 3794106 3721668 Page | 1 Table of Contents Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 eBay’s Business Model ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Read MoreArise: a Destination-for-a-Day Spa Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment stage is struggling with employee turnover as well as has been operating at a loss for the past two years. ARISE, the spa in question, was built on the business strategy of differentiation which emphasizes employee-customer relationships. Within these relationships, ARISE employees act as Personal Wellness Coaches (PWC) helping clients create â€Å"integrated health and happiness plans†. The key stakeholders in the case are the President and CEO: Kristen Chambers; Vice President of Business

Lunacy! free essay sample

I step outside onto the street, it’s mid-winter and I’ve grown tired of the relentless cold of the city, tonight it’s cooler, the wind bites at my ankles and I am knocked breathless by the outside air. I see the sidewalk shining grey, I can hear the steady clacking of my shoes on the pavement, I round a corner and there it is. There I stand looking up, entirely transfixed. The city is still too, as if it held its breath just for a moment, just to look up at our celestial neighbor glowing brilliantly with some otherworldly warmth. The keeper of the tides, I know it will hide again in just a few days, but I have been watching it creep out from the darkness sliver by silver sliver each day, holding my breath each night, waiting for the night when it bursts forth in stark relief from the inky abyss of the winter sky and radiantly peers down at us with a calm smile, pockmarked by craters. We will write a custom essay sample on Lunacy! or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The moon. Once a part of our volatile planet, after the big bang sent a seemingly infinite number of space particles spinning through the air, after static electricity pulled them together, turning particles to rocks to planetessimals, Earth was one of the largest planetessimals, a singular particle that, through some great coincidence attracted just enough particles to attract just enough surrounding rocks to attract just enough planettessimals. Until one day (although it wasn’t really one day was it? It must have been one moment, or perhaps an instancebut who can really be sure? Time wasn’t so well-packaged in those days) another planetessimal collided at some great speed into our proto-earth, just at the right angle. Just enough to send the young outer layer of our earth spinning wildly into the surrounding atmosphere just enough to create our moon. Perhaps my lunar infatuation comes from my name. Perhaps if my Quaker ancestors in Snow Camp, North Carolina hadn’t given their children the names of characters in Greek mythology, I would have had a different nameperhaps I would have been amazed and fascinated by some other object on the street. Perhaps I would be a Felicity or a Faith or a Grace. But at just the right moment, as my mother was in the delivery room, waiting for me to be born, perhaps my dad thought of a time when he was younger, in North Carolina with his grandmother, Phoebe, waiting for her to finish frying bacon and grits for breakfast. Perhaps he thought about her funeral, how she had passed away leaving only memories and children behind. Perhaps he had thought about this and had realized that one day he would have to have a funeral much like hers, perhaps he thought that if he named his child after her, he too might one day be preserved in memory through the names of his posterity. Perhaps this all lined up as he suggested the name to my mother in the delivery room. Phoebe. One of the Titan goddesses of Greek mythology, grandmother of Phoebus Apollo, she was often associated with the moon. The first keeper of the lunar keys. Perhaps if Phoebe and I were walking down the same city street on the very same night, we might stop to look up at the moon, we might see each other briefly and smile and nod out of courtesy and walk our separate ways. We would know that the moon is merely our neighbor, perhaps our long lost cousin. It is little more than a missing piece that we lost long ago, that now looks down upon us benevolently. Yet in spite of this, or perhaps because of it, we would know that earthly organisms are consistently captivated by it. It has hypnotized our oceans, bestowing upon them the tides that ocean life has adjusted to. It has connected us to what we left behind in the past, it is the unchanging feature that we can depend on in a world that spins out of our control all too often. We would know the magnetic forces of earth were keeping us pragmatically tethered to the sidewalk. But as we walked away from our spots where we had been so entranced, we would feel the gentle tug of a moon that has kept us staring into the abyss, dreaming and we would smile, knowing exactly what the other had been gazing at.

Monster, Monster by The Almost free essay sample

For those of you who dont know The Almost, its a side project of Aaron Gillespies, from Christian metal-core band Underoath. The Almosts 2007 â€Å"Southern Weather† was a phenomenal debut, and â€Å"Monster, Monster† has lived up to its standard. As the title track kicks things off, the band shows its tougher side with driving guitar chords and a fast tempo. Gillespie gives us a sound that is easy-going and accessible, especially on â€Å"Lonely Wheel.† His voice has never sounded stronger. The Almost have proved that they can generate softer songs like â€Å"No I Dont† and â€Å"Summer Summer,† with catchy guitar chords swooping in and out that give off a classic rock sound. This band can also write catchy pop/rock songs like â€Å"Hands.† This blend of singalong chorus (â€Å"Whoa-oh, Oh Oh Oh†) and clapping is a major highlight of the album. â€Å"Young Again† and â€Å"Books and Books† continue in the bands alternative rock style. We will write a custom essay sample on Monster, Monster by The Almost or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My favorite song on the album has to be â€Å"Hand Grenade† because it has a soft acoustic sound that soothes the soul. Gillespie is truly a genius when it comes to creating soft music. â€Å"Souls on Ten† is also worth mentioning, with its radio-friendly tone. With light piano and guitar chords delicately complementing Gillespies voice, this track is a highlight. Seeing as I have been good friends with Gillespie for a few years, I really wanted to like this album, and the majority of the songs are catchy, but they are also repetitive and predictable. This album will definitely help the band gain more fans and popularity, but The Almost is going to have to take more risks if they want to go further.

conquest of Mexico and Peru essays

conquest of Mexico and Peru essays The Conquest of Mexico began with Hernan Cortez. Cortez after working his way up as a soldier and a writer in Santa Domingo and Cuba was given a rescue mission to the Yucatan to search for Grijalva who hadnt returned from his expedition. Cortez goes to Mexico and by interacting with neighboring Mayans he was lead to the island of sacrifices. This is how Cortez discovered the Aztecs. Once Cortez knew that there were riches and much more opportunities for himself he decided to conquer Mexico. Velasquez orders Cortez to return to Cuba, Cortez can not conquer Mexico without the kings permission. So in order to get around Velasquezs orders Cortez founds the city of Vera Cruz and sets up a council to assume royal power and allow the invasion of the Aztecs. Cortez, having such a advantage over the local tribes with his horses and guns, had no problem with the help of his translators to ally the local tribes, especially the Tlaxcalas, and get them to fight against the Aztecs. Montez uma, who hears of Cortez and how he slaughtered many leaders after inviting them to a party, meets Cortez at a marketplace in Tlateloco. Cortez easily gains power and keeps Montezuma on house arrest. Meanwhile Velasquez is angry with Cortez for disobeying his orders and sends a crew to arrest him. However when they meet Cortez he convinces them to stay and collect the spoils of conquering Mexico. As Cortez was meeting with his new addition to his army, chaos ensued back in Mexico City where Alvarado was left in charge. The people did not agree with the banning of the human sacrifices and an uprising occurred. Montezuma tried to speak to the people but as he was trying to speak he was hit in the head with a rock and killed. Cortez managed to escape while losing all his treasure along with a few fingers as well. He organizes a counter attack at Tlaxcala with the help of some Spanish reinfo ...

How to Teach the Past Simple to ESL Students

How to Teach the Past Simple to ESL Students Teaching the English past simple verb tense to ELL or ESL students is rather straightforward after youve taught the present simple. Students will be familiar with the idea of auxiliary verbs in the question and negative but not in the positive form. They will be able to convert to past simple using helping verbs as in: Does she play tennis? - Did she play tennis?We dont drive to work. - They didnt drive to work. Theyll also be happy to know that the verb conjugation always remains the same, no matter the subject of the sentence. IYouHeShe played tennis last week.ItWeYouThey   Of course, theres the issue of irregular verbs,  which  can be frustrating because they just have to be memorized and reinforced through practice. A sampling of these: be- was/werecatch- caughtspeak- spokeunderstand- understood Past Time Expressions The key to teaching the past simple effectively is making it clear from the beginning that the past simple is used when something begins and ends in the past. The use of appropriate  time expressions will help: last: last week, last month, last yearago: two weeks ago, three days ago, two years agowhen past: when I was a child, when she worked in New York Start by Modeling the Past Simple Begin teaching the past simple by speaking about some of your past experiences. If possible, use a mix of regular and irregular past verbs. Use time expressions to provide context. Its also a good idea to mix in some other subjects such as my friend or my wife to signal that there is no change in the conjugation of the past simple other than putting the verb into the past. I visited my parents in Olympia last weekend.My wife cooked a wonderful dinner yesterday.We went to a movie yesterday evening. Continue modeling by asking yourself a question and providing the answer. Where did you go last week?  I went to Portland yesterday.When did you have lunch yesterday? I had lunch at 1 oclock yesterday.Which level did you teach last month? I taught beginner- and intermediate-level classes. Next, ask students similar questions. Its a good idea to use the same verbs- for example: went, had, played, watched, ate- when asking questions. Students will be able to follow your lead and answer appropriately. Introduce Regular and Irregular Verbs Using the verbs youve introduced, quickly ask students the infinitive form for each verb. Which verb is went?  goWhich verb is cooked? cookWhich verb is visited? visit Which verb is had? haveWhich verb is taught? teach Ask students if they notice any patterns. ​Usually, a few students will recognize that many past regular verbs end in ‑ed. Introduce the idea that some verbs are irregular and must be learned individually. Its a good idea to provide an irregular verb sheet for their study and future reference. Quick drills, such as a past simple grammar chant, will help students learn irregular forms. When discussing past regular verbs, make sure that students understand that the final e  in ‑ed  is generally silent: listened - /lisnd/watched - /wacht/   BUT: visited - /vIzIted/   Introduce Negative Forms Finally, introduce the negative form of the past simple through modeling. Model the form to the students and immediately encourage a similar answer. You can do this by asking a student a question, then modeling a negative and a positive sentence. When did you have dinner yesterday?  (student) I had dinner at 7 oclock.Did he/she  have dinner at 8 oclock? No, he/she didnt have dinner at 8 oclock. He/she had dinner at 7 oclock. Resources and Lesson Plans to Practice the Past Simple Explaining the Past Simple on the Board Use a past tense timeline to visualize the idea that the past simple is used to express something that began and ended in the past. Review time expressions that are used in the past, including last week, last month, and last year; in dates; and yesterday. Comprehension Activities After students are familiar with the form, continue expanding their understanding of it, as well as irregular verbs, with comprehension activities. Using stories of vacations, listening to  descriptions of something that  happened, or reading news stories will help underline when the past simple is used. Pronunciation Challenges Another challenge for students will be understanding the pronunciation of the past forms of regular verbs. Explaining the idea of voiced and voiceless pronunciation patterns will help students understand this pronunciation pattern.

Research Finding and Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research Finding and Analysis - Coursework Example It is imperative for online retailers to understand the features of online shopping that attract, or repulse, patrons not only to hold on to its present market share, but also widen that share. The following are reviews of customers of various online retail shops such as M&S, Chums, MarshallWard, Tescos, Generation Online, AA, ASOS, Dressespro, Woolovers, Gothic Shop, Pink Girl Dresses, Jacamo, Discount Urban Wear, M and M Direct, Dorothy Perkins, Home, Universal Textiles, EnVie Lingerie and Swimwear, My Tights, Laskys, Figleaves, Dress4Less, Evans, DressRail, FF Chloe replica Bags, Fancy Dress Outfitters, and Fallen Hero UK, on various issues related to online shopping. I. CODING THEMES A) PCHSNGPRO = Purchasing Procedure R: 1 â€Å"The website of Chums.co.uk provides complete information about the procedure of online shopping to the naive shoppers.† R 2: â€Å"M&M is an ideal website.† R 3: â€Å"All the customers also find this procedure simple and understandable.â €  R 4: â€Å"Most customers know about the procedure of online shopping however, if not, they can find it on the respective website.† R 5: â€Å"The woolovers site is easy to navigate.† R 6: â€Å"Almost every customer opined that clothing online shopping websites provide simple and easy procedure of purchasing.† B) PRODQLTY = Product Quality R: 1†M&S is one of the best shops to visit, lots to choose from and the best quality goods you can get at a good price.† R 2: â€Å"Of high quality product, well on time and same as it was seen on internet.† R 3: â€Å"Fantastic quality is the main factor that is influencing the decision of the people to purchase clothes online.† R: 1 â€Å"The quality of the gown I bought from an online retailer best exemplifies the reason why I like purchasing online.† R 2: â€Å"Good advice from front line staff. First rate delivery service. Quality products at a reasonable price.† C) DELSPEED = Speed of Delivery R 2: â€Å"The AA is brilliant. Its service is fast and the AA man was very nice.† R: 1 â€Å"Although there are some problems while placing order from Canada but later on, all the issues were addressed properly therefore, it was a mixed experience.† R 3: â€Å"Fast delivery of the items and even the issues of quality and fitting also not making problem for online shoppers.† R 5: â€Å"Very fast delivery. Good quality item and excellent value for money. Very pleased.† R 6: â€Å"It is an excellent website, cheap products and great delivery.† R 7: â€Å"Fast delivery and excellent service provided by online retailers, huge range and variety of clothes.† D) CTMRSVCS = Quality of customer services R 1: â€Å"The AA is brilliant. Its service is fast and the AA man was very nice.† R 2: â€Å"Staff is very helpful and understanding.† R 3: â€Å"Good customer service is one of the reasons of clothing online shoppi ng.† R 4: â€Å"Good advice from front line staff. First rate delivery service. Quality products at a reasonable price.† E) BUSREP = Business Reputation R 3: â€Å"I have always found and will continue to say M&S are of the highest standard.† F) PRS = Prices of products R 4: â€Å"Laskys is great, after much research, I found Laskys.com to be the cheapest internet shop I could find, so I went ahead and bought from them.† R 2: â€Å"Good advice from front line staff. First rate delivery service. Quality products at a reasonable price.† R 6: â€Å"It is an excellent website, cheap products and great delivery.† G) PO = General Positive Comments R: 1 â€Å"Placing order online saves telephone bill.† R 2: â€Å"†¦the availability of perfect and easy navigating sites and delivery of the i

Ocean fishery sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ocean fishery sustainability - Essay Example This is in relation to the fact that these factors are the main contributors of overfishing. According to National Geographic (1), the 90 million tons of fish caught from the ocean by 1989 was the main contributing factor for the current low number of fish in the ocean. From this assertion, it is apparent that the population of fish in the oceans cannot withstand fishing that is beyond 90 million tons. Though challenging, it is possible to make ocean fisheries sustainable. One of the key things that need to be done in order to achieve the sustainability of fisheries include recovering the depleted fish stocks in addition to maintaining them at levels above that is required to generate Maximum Sustainable Yield (Juzgado 1). Restoring the destroyed marine ecosystems to a condition that is healthy will protect the ocean organisms (Juzgado 1). According to Ale and Howe (1), the logistic growth curve is used by scientists to predict the carrying capacity of fish in a given water body. Despite its extensive use in the field of fisheries, it is apparent that the population of fish continues to collapse. The main reason for the failure of the logistic growth curve in management of the population of fish is that predictions often are not useful because they do not involve the prediction of the community composition (Ale and Howe 1). In addition to the options of control of overfishing discussed above, elevation of the oceans to the topmost levels of the UN system will aid reduce the problems associated with overfishing (Juzgado 1). This will be achieved by the UN system enabling not only a cross-cutting approach, but also a timely response to key threats and opportunities to the oceans’ ecosystem. Since overfishing has become a menace in the whole world, it is essential for the marine sanctuaries to be established so as to provide a secure habitat for the fish.

Some Good Marketing Funda Essay Example for Free

Some Good Marketing Funda Essay Some good marketing Funda! you can find much more at the link provided in the end.. Do read.. Marketing GD me mast points hai bolneko! When we think of marketing, we often think of Marketings efforts to acquire customers. The world, however, is moving toward relationship-based business, including subscription services and subscription commerce—but also most other business. Consider consumer packaged goods companies that used to have no direct relationship with customers, who bought in box stores. Many CPG companies are now using online and social mediums to build direct relationships with their customers. In this world, customer retention is just as important as customer acquisition. So how do the 7 Ps of marketing apply to customer retention marketing? 1. People are the most important. Retaining customers is about building relationships, and relationships are about people. Treat your customer as a person, and not a customer; start by hiring people who show they care about others. Compare how you behave driving in rush-hour traffic with how you drive down your own street past your neighbors. When you know you will see people again, or if you want to see them again, you treat them better. The whole company needs to care about customers and customer retention, and one executive must be responsible to ensure thats so—hence the rise of the chief customer officer. 2. Product is a very close second in importance to People. If your product is off, you will have a difficult time with the rest of the Ps. However, if the product is on target, you will accomplish the rest of the Ps much more easily. When designing your product or service for maximum customer retention, provide quick time to value, continued value over time, and high quality (those are what Apple does so well). Sometimes there is another P: Packaging. I include packaging as part of the product (or service), and the key to it is polish. 3. Place obviously matters when you are figuring out where to put your physical store, but what about when youre online? Does it matter there? Yes. If I am looking to communicate with my customer and offer them an upsell, I could send them an email or message them right while they are shopping, browsing, or working on my site. The first communication is out of context and has a low chance of response. The second is in context and has a higher likelihood of response. â€Å"Place† is context, and context matters. 4. Price. In any good relationship, people take care of each other. That is now the expectation in the customer-business relationship as well. Our customers assume that we will look after them. That is what they pay us to do. In an e-commerce business, that sort of relationship means providing deals for our recurring customers. In a subscription business, that means rolling new features (some, not all) into the service, over time, without charging more. 5. Promotion. How should you promote your product or service to customers to retain them, upsell to them and keep them for the long haul? Quite differently from how you promote to a prospective customer. Why? Because the person is your customer. You know, or should know, him or her. You know what the customer bought from you or how he or she uses your service. You can use that information to message customers in a more targeted, appropriate, helpful, and effective way. Dont spam them with the same generic info you send to everyone else. Send them targeted emails and in-context messages. 6. Processes. To succeed in all of the previous Ps, and for this success to be more than a one-time fluke, you need good processes, such as monitoring social media and engaging customers there, surveying customers for satisfaction, and implementing marketing automation. My company uses its own customer engagement solution to understand how each customer is engaging with the business. We look for positive or negative patterns and respond accordingly, sometimes by person or email but often right in our application with a targeted message based on behavior. 7. Positioning. If you want to retain your customers, you have to know who you are and communicate that clearly and repeatedly to them so they know who you are as well. Foremost, however, is this: Your actions must communicate your positioning. Those actions are showcased in the people you hire, the product you ship or service you deliver, the price you charge and the discounts you provide, the place and promotions you choose, and the processes you put in place. Combined, your words and actions say This is who we are and what you can expect of us. By acting on the 7 Ps of Customer Retention Marketing, you can keep your customers; make their interactions with your business successful; and in so doing make your business more successful.

People know what they do; they frequently know why they do what they do

People know what they do; they frequently know why they do what they do; but what they don't know is what what they do does. Introduction With technology moving at such a rapid pace, etiquette and ethics have a hard time keeping up. Five years ago few people had even heard of electronic mail or "e-mail" and even today, whether to add a hyphen or not it is of trivial debate. As a society, we hold dear the value of privacy and confidentiality as a basic fundamental right. Access to the new technology of electronic mail can jeopardize both values. What privacy rights should employees enjoy, and how can these be reconciled with the legitimate need of organzations to control and manage their network? People have come to depend on email as a way to communicate, even actually creating less of a divide for families that live far away or even in another country. But there are quite a few ethical concerns that we, as a society, should begin to consider. The hardest part, as with most ethics, is definition of what is right or wrong and ultimately . . . compliance. Does electronic mail present ethical dilemmas in the areas of confidentiality, security, and ownership? And further, will the actual tone of writing create ethical and social implications in the way that we communicate? This is an essential issue for society as a whole. If this newly created "cyber-community" doesn't have some kind of consistency then frequent misunderstandings can and will occur perhaps even causing social turmoil. A Bit of History In 1775, the colonies needed a way to communicate with each other. Statesman Benjamin Franklin, the first Postmaster General, helped develop the postal system we know today. This system helped bind the new natio... ...uman Resource Management. " Workplace Privacy Poll." 1999 Online. Available:http://www.shrm.org/surveys/privacy.htm Soden,A., "Protect Your Corporation From Email Litigation," Corporate Legal Times, May 1995. http://www.stedwards.edu/stubook/comput.htm www.aptosjr.santacruz.k12.ca.us/computers/page9.html USPS History: http://www.usps.gov/history/his1.htm http://www.nua.ie/surveys, Apr. 16,1999. "300 Million Online by 2005 Asia, South America to Lead Way," http://cyberatlas.internet.com/big_picture/demographics/data.html (March 31,1999) University of Massy. http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwits/emailpol.htm Haisting, Larry J. EDI: A New Way of Doing Business, St. Paul, MN,1993. Moore, Dinty W. The Emperor's Virtual Clothes, Workman Publishing, 1995. Sims, C. (1993 Dec. 6) Reporter discipled for reading his co-workers email. New York Times, P.A3.

Bureaucracy and Democracy

Bureaucracy and Democracy Assuming that the court's interpretation of the law was accurate, do you believe that the state's power to regulate in these matters should outweigh the federal government's right to do so? What, if anything, should be done? No I do not think the state's power to regulate in these matters should outweigh the federal government. Independent Agencies help execute policy or provide special services.Independent Agencies also exist outside of the departments of the executive branch and have three separate branches: Executive – President of the United States, esponsible for administering and enforcing the laws of government Legislative – Congress responsible for the creation of law Judicial – Supreme Court responsible for administering Justice, resolving disputes, and interpreting the law.This system establishes a strong central government, while insuring a balance of power. Agencies can be characterized as being either executive agencies or i ndependent agencies. How do they differ and, from your standpoint, which is preferable in terms of maintaining agency focus and controlling the actions of the agency? Independent agencies are those that exist outside of the departments of the executive branch, executive agencies are not

“Gender Inequality Exists to Some Extent, in Most Areas of Society, in All Countries of the World”. Geographically Examine This Statement.

â€Å"Gender inequality exists to some extent, in most areas of society, in all countries of the world†. Geographically examine this statement. Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on the gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles, behaviors, and activities and attributes that a given society deems appropriate for men and women. For two years Iceland is the number one country for gender equality followed by Norway in second, Finland third and Sweden fifth – showing that the Nordic countries are the best for gender equality.The gender equality gap is measured by looking at politics, education, employment and health. According to recent studies the highest representation of women in parliament was in Europe, in which 20. 56% of parliamentary people were female, and the lowest Oceania in which 7. 5% of parliamentary people were women. Women’s political empowerment is very important, and small loans can help improve it. More power means an increase in confidence to change and challenge gender relations. Economically it will mean women have increased access to markets, and increased control over income, assests and resources within the home.Kuwait is an example of a country trying to solve gender inequality issues and increase women’s empowerment politically, socially, and economically. Women in Kuwait have been given the right to run in local and governmental elections, as well as vote in elections. Sub-Saharan Africa is another area in which women’s empowerment is being promoted. This time through giving women mobile phones to help improve their lives slightly. Statistics show that within Sub-Saharan Africa 300 million fewer men than women have mobiles. So the plan was to issue 150 million mobiles to women across the region.It is thought that mobiles can help with literacy, health programs and project awareness, developing small businesses, and gaining fina ncial independence. Education is also another area in which gender inequality is trying to be beaten. By improving women’s educations statistics show that Fertility rates and Infant and child mortality numbers will decrease, while women’s labour force and women’s children going to school will increase. Gender inequality in education correlates with ethnicity and religion, domestic responsibilities, cultural restrictions and less economic power.Examples of gender inequality within education are in Pakistan and Yemen. In Pakistan the Taliban was restricting women’s education. 125,000 girls have had to abandon their education after 180 schools were torched and 900 school closed down. Taliban are brutal, they behead, assassinate political figures and destroy homes. A recent example might be the fourteen-year-old Malala who was shot in the head by the Taliban on her way home from school because she was trying to promote women’s rights. In Yemen being th e lowest global rating of gender inequality means they’re heavily investing in this sector.The International Development Association (IDA) are working to increase access to and the quality of education, as well as promoting it to women nationally. They’re encouraging female teachers, which will increase ‘social acceptance’. 1000 new female teachers were introduced in 2008 alone, and they successfully attracted girls to schools. As well as 100- new female teachers, 4000 classrooms and 200 schools were built, and 80 of the original schools were repaired. All of these efforts have worked, as the illiteracy rate has halved from 90% in 1999 to 45% in 2009!Other areas in which gender inequality exists are within culture and government, migration, health, employment, birth ratios and legal rights and land ownership. Not all countries with gender inequality issues are third world countries. Infact, some are the most developed. Places like China, Switzerland and Th e United Kingdom all suffer from gender inequality. This might show that gender inequality does exist to some extent in all countries of the world, not just less developed countries because they don’t have the money to over come the problem. China’s a very good example of the birth ratios gender inequality issue.It is estimated there that men will outnumber women by 30 million by 2020. And in 2005, china’s birth rate was 119 males to every 100 females, in some provinces it went up to 140 males. According to feminist writers in China, it is because Chinese people would rather have a son, as they’re considered more useful, they also say that son preference is seen as blunt gender discrimination. Overall it’s common for one to think that the statement â€Å"Gender inequality exists to some extent, in most areas of society, in all countries of the world† is very much true.All the evidence points towards geographically spread gender inequality wo rldwide, not just certain countries in which one might assume to suffer from gender inequality. Yemen, Ethiopia, Kuwait and Sub-Saharan Africa are all strong examples of less economically developed countries suffering from gender inequality, and UK, Switzerland and China more economically developed countries also suffering from gender inequality – however all are affected by politics, education, employment and health.

Thailands Political and Legal External Macroenvironmental Forces essays

Thailand's Political and Legal External Macroenvironmental Forces essays To reach the highest level of success, a firm must be able to adapt to the external macroenvironmental forces and combine it with the internal forces most efficiently. Because the organization is not able to control the external forces, it is very vital to be informed of all the necessary information available on the topic. One of the very important factors would have to be the Political and Legal Forces. Within the Political and Legal Forces of the macroenvironmental forces are four categories: 1. Monetary and fiscal policies. (level of government spending, the money supply, and tax legislation) 2. Social legislation and regulations. (environmental laws) 3. Governmental relationships with industries. 4. Legislation related specifically to marketing (laws regulating competition and to protect consumers). Thailand is a mixed economy where government has some but little involvement with the market. However, it regulates it through business laws and policies. Due to the past few years of Thailand's financial crisis, the government was in debt to the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and is now paying the loan. This, therefore, led to lower level of government spending, privatization of over 60 state-owned enterprises, and a strive to increase revenues. The taxation of doing business in Thailand includes corporate income tax, value added tax (VAT), and personal income tax. For corporate income tax, incorporate firms operating in Thailand are taxed thirty percent from the net profit. Foundations and associations pay income tax at two to ten percent of gross business income, depending upon the nature of their business activity. All companies that registered under Thai law will have to follow the taxation described above. However, for foreign companies that have not registered will only ha ve to pay income tax for the revenue deriving from the sources in Thailand. Normal business expenses can be deducted from gross income when fili...

Best Of The Best Top Advice From 10 Marketing Experts

Best Of The Best Top Advice From 10 Marketing Experts Our favorite thing about hosting the Actionable Marketing Podcast is picking the brains of marketing heroes. So, we’re absolutely blown away by the amazing marketers we’ve gotten to learn from over the past two years. To our listeners, you’re the reason we do this. It’s all about bringing the best of the best to you. To celebrate the 100th episode of AMP, here are some of our favorite guests, takeaways, and thoughts from more than 60 hours of marketing gold! Some of the highlights of the show include: Janna Maron: No more frustration by banking content and scheduling it to auto publish; publish less, but at higher quality Michael Brenner: The most compelling way to guide everything you do as a marketer what’s in it for the customer, colleague, and company? Brian Clark: His biggest marketing mistake was the curse of knowledge a cognitive bias where you assume the audience knows certain things you know Noah Kagan: Helped Mint scale to its first 100,000 users in less than a year; what’s your goal and timeline? Andrea Fryrear: Marketers are asked to do new projects all the time, but prioritize and simplify backlog of projects to be successful; plan your work, work your plan Joanna Wiebe: Describes how to go deeper than Calls To Action and into Calls To Value; clearly articulate the ultra-specific value on the other side of a click Tim Soulo: You should write 2,000+ word articles to rank in search engines, but people don’t want to read they want answers to questions to solve problems Nir Eyal: Psychology of habit formation and how marketers can capitalize on it; every product you use is to modulate your mood and alleviate pain Jeff Goins: Four qualities in best-performing posts piece is well written, contains a compelling promise, keeps that promise, and wows reader with value Rand Fishkin: Remarkable customer research determines TRUE influencer status and who to partner with for co-promotion; share what audience values If you enjoy AMP, write a review on iTunes and send a screenshot of it to be entered into a drawing to win the 100th episode giveaway, which includes a $100 swag package, bundle of three marketing books, and $50 Amazon gift card! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Links: How To Create A Bank Of Content (And Plan Ahead) With Janna Maron From Smart Passive Income 3 Questions To Guide Your Marketing Program With Michael Brenner From Marketing Insider Group Copyblogger’s Best Advice On How To Scale To 8 Figures With Brian Clark From Copyblogger How To Grow From 0 to 1 Million Customers With Noah Kagan From SumoMe and OkDork How To Use Agile Project Management To Organize Your Marketing With Andrea Fryrear From AgileSherpas How To Use Conversion Psychology To Get Better Results With Joanna Wiebe From Copyhackers How To Get Your Content To Rank #1 On Google With Tim Soulo Of Ahrefs How To Use The Psychology Of Habit Formation To Be A Better Marketer With Best-Selling Author Nir Eyal How To Use A Scorecard To Create More Effective Content With Jeff Goins From Goins, Writer How To Do Remarkable Customer Research With Rand Fishkin From SparkToro Quotes: â€Å"Imagine no more frustration. No more fire drills. And tons of opportunity to plan ahead and shift future projects around easily.† Janna Maron â€Å"What’s in it for the customer, the colleague, and the company can really get you to a point where you’re going to end up not doing things that don’t work and serve your customers.† Michael Brenner â€Å"You have to find a way to stand out. Theres more than just the amount of value in the content. Theres your voice, the way you connect with the audience, all of that is important.† Brian Clark â€Å"Really limiting our work and focusing in is the only way we’re gonna get to the point of doing really good, high-quality work that’s focused on the audience.† Andrea Fryrear â€Å"It’s not about length it’s about delivering the value and persuading the people that you can solve their problem in as less words as possible.† Tim Soulo

Study on the cost management of construction project during Essay

Study on the cost management of construction project during construction phrase - Essay Example ty of managing costs in construction projects is undeniable since all projects are limited by resources which includes the money to be spent for the project. As such, construction cost management is very significant in the construction industry. In this regard, construction costs is understood as the expense incurred by a contractor for labor, material, equipment, financing, inflation, contingency, plus overheads and contractors profit. Being such, the role of construction costs in the project in particular and in the construction industry in general is of primary significance. Thus, studies and development of theories that will enable the contractors, experts and scholars further understand the concept are continuously undertaken. In this regard, they have come up with the different types of costs namely, earned value cost, actual cost and cost budget all of which intends to guide the user as to what is the standing of the costs of the project from the beginning until the end. These different types of costs involve the following elements: labour, material, equipments, financing, contingency, overheads and others like VAT. Moreover, cost is affected by the following: project duration, project schedule change, resources consumption, price fluctuation, project quality, inflation, project scope, rework, worker injuries, delivery approach, and management practise. The numerous factors that affect construction costs make the nature of construction costs unique, dynamic and undeniably complex. As such, several theories are proffered in order to elucidate and direct the management regarding the control of costs. These are: earned value analysis, life cycle costing analysis, and value engineering. However, it should b e noted that as the concern regarding costs pervades the entire project, there is a necessity to focus only on certain aspects of costs in the project so as not to conflate the discussion. And as mentioned , the entire project zeroes in on construction

The Intriguing World of Soccer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Intriguing World of Soccer - Essay Example In soccer, anything can happen and all the enthusiasm, spirit and energy involved in the game make the blood of the men rush to their brains. The big, fast and muscular men chasing the soccer ball is more than what it seems t o be. Soccer is the fastest game and is the most watched sport in the whole world. The reputation and fame which soccer holds is cannot be equivalent to any other sport in the world. Even though, it can be injurious to health many a times, the intense energy and spirit it offers to the world makes it an invaluable sport. The world cup is the largest sports event in the world, which showcases soccer as a game and the future world cup is being hosted by Qatar in 2022..Qatar is an Arab country with immensely rich culture and Qatar nationals love to exhibit their cultural heritage passionately. The country follows Islam as their religion and 90% of their people belong to the same religion. We can find elements of Bedouin culture in Qatar and this country was earlier engaged in fishing and pearl hunting. They follow a Sharia law and have their typical Arabic cuisine which mainly consists of seafood and dates. According to (Weill Cornell) â€Å"Qatar is a traditional country experiencing rapid social changes. When Arab men meet, they usually shake hands. A man does not generally shake hands with a woman†.

Supply and or demand paper on Apple iphone 5 Research

Supply and or demand on Apple iphone 5 - Research Paper Example The features of the iphone 5 are high tech and do very well with technology savvy customers. Iphone’s user friendliness and looks have won complete control over users. The market has seen the peak of apple Iphone 5 demands when just after the three days of release over 5 million of them have been sold, it has been listed on the charts of apple company (2012). A detailed interview from CEO of Apple Company Mr. Tim Cook had said that the success of apple I phone 5 has been brilliant and they are over whelmed with the response. So, he showed an intended desire to make productions rapid and provide apple Iphone 5 in hands of every person who dreams to hold it. The demand is increasing with every passing day and company is under lot of pressure to manufacture Iphone for everyone. Such things consume time, the initial supply has been completely sold out and regular shipment transportations are going on. Also, there is facility for consumers that they can order online and are allotte d a specific delivery date, so this is how demand is being satisfied (Harrison et al., 2012). Table 1.1: The journey of Apple iphone through the years There has been an incredible increase in demand of apple Iphone 5. There has been placing of pre-booking orders by customers for Iphone. Two million was the ratings for demand for apple Iphone 5, which is far more than the Iphone 4’s. Approximately it was double in number then the previous one which is a land mark and a huge success in its own self. There are growing numbers of orders and deliveries everyday and the numbers of lover of apple Iphone 5 range are increasing by the day. The demand and supply charts are rising higher into about 22 major countries over the world. Countries contain Switzerland, Portugal, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, Spain, Sweden and Belgium. (Paczkowski, 2012). Table 1.2: Demand graph for the Apple iphone 5 Cause of Demand Shift The major reason behind the shifting demand of consumer all over is due to the latest technology and high definition real time inspiring features. The reviews are mostly mixed in terms of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of consumers, but the entire blend has resulted into a huge success of time for Apple Company. After the launch of apple iphone 4, there has been a serious competition between the several smart phone companies with regard to the desirability and durability for the working and usage. Still the exclusive release of Iphone 5 has managed to wash all the competitors. The prominent features include the four inch flat interesting wide screen. The length also increased, the wide screen and huge clear displays are already a mark of apple Iphone series. The opening for the headphones has been shifted to the either side accordingly and is extremely useful for the users to handle, and make way out to get to your ears. As compared to the previous version, the speakers are far bigger and sound quality is much more profound, clear and deeper. Then there is lightening connector, which is additional in nature. One the whole it has bigger screen quite prominent, 4G compatibility power race and above all better and improved front facing camera for perfect view (Hughes, 2012). Market reputation and impact is the real developer of status

Policy Interventions for Healthcare Inequality

Policy Interventions for Healthcare Inequality Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to determine the disparities in access to health care and analyse the rationale of the types of policy intervention solutions globally to address the contemporary health issue in education and training, tax benefits and payments to caregivers, respite care, business regulations combining work and care giving, and financial support and provision of pension credits for care giving. The study was descriptive in nature. The data were analysed and interpreted. Introduction Having a broad variety factors that plays a role in health disparities, it is very demanding and challenging to clarify the determinants of health disparities. For individuals who are challenged with sociodemographic status, physical disabilities and affected by inevitable circumstances such as calamities or disasters are crucially to escalate likelihood of health disparities that may lead their later life to health-related problems. Given the fact that people under these situations are most unfavourable groups in society with regards to income, education, employment, living condition or occupation, health disparities is more anticipated to exist. In this instance, it is essential to obtain which factors bring about to the health disparities. This study is looking forward to initiate further interest in health disparities among policy makers. Particularly, this may help health care professionals better understand the present picture of health disparities and its causes. Correspondingly, the prevention and elimination of health disparities of the population and their outcome improved quality of life will be regarded. The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of health disparities in health care access and to produce policy intervention solutions based on education and training, tax benefits and payments to caregivers, respite care, business regulations combining work and care giving and financial support and provision of credits for care giving. To achieve these purposes, the occurrence and determinants of the health disparities were investigated in these scopes: lack of insurance coverage, lack of financial resources, structural barriers, shortage of health care providers, linguistic barriers, health literacy, discrimination and age. Theory This study is anchored to the assumption that disparities in care can greatly affect the access of health care. This is explained in the diagram below: Figure 1. Theoretical Framework for Disparities in Access to Health Care According to Anderson (1995) in the behavioural model of health services operation, population characteristics feature three main components: (1) predisposing characteristics, (2) enabling resources, and (3) need. The predisposing characteristics embody the following elements: (a) demographic aspects, such as gender, age, or marital status, (b) social structure, such as race/ethnicity, education, religion, or occupation and (c) health benefits, such as knowledge about disease, values about health and illness, and attitude toward health services. The predisposing characteristics affect enabling resources in family, person and community. Personal or family enabling resources involved knowledge regarding access to and utilisation of health care and manner to access health care, while community enabling resources integrate available health facilities and personnel. The above-mentioned enabling resources have an effect on one’s perceived and evaluated health need. How people belief or think of their health status is referred to as perceived health need, while indication of professional judgment relevant to people’s health illnesses or conditions and their stand in need for medical treatment is referred as evaluated health need. The foregoing population characteristics – predisposing characteristics enabling resources, and health need will exert influence on one’s personal health practices; use of health services; and health behaviour. Lastly, one’s health behaviour impacts health outcomes: (perceived) health status and (evaluated) consumer satisfaction. In Andersen’s (1995) phase 4 of the behavioural model environmental factors –external environment and healthcare system – having been lately included, and these factors affect the population characteristics as well as health outcomes. The impact the disparities of access to health care would have on national and international healthcare policy. In the study, health disparities throughout different nations including New Zealand were analysed in access to health care. On top of that, the determinants and existence of such disparities have been focused on. It ought to indicate that access to health care itself affects one’s health needs, enabling resources and predisposing characteristics. Nevertheless, further attention is here centered on the direct impacts of the determinants on health care access. Considering the dynamic and intricate structure of health care access, social demographic characteristics are broadly addressed to determinants of access to health care. The association between access to health care and health status is examined in detailing the determinants. Based on Healthy People 2020 definition of health disparity is â€Å"a precise type of health difference that is intently associated with economic, social and/or environmental unfavourable circumstance. Health disparities unfavourable influence groups of people who have consistently undergo considerable obstacles to health stands on their ethnic or racial group; socioeconomic status; religion; age; gender; sensory, cognitive, physical disability; mental health; gender identity or sexual orientation; geographic location; or other characteristics typically connected to exclusion or discrimination. A range of sociodemographic characteristics, such as lack of insurance coverage, lack of financial resources, structural barriers, scarcity of providers, linguistic barriers, health literacy and age are involved in access to health care. These sociodemographic characteristics are correlated with not only one another notwithstanding further determinants in different area. Considering health insurance coverage and status issues play an important part in access to health care and these matters are similarly concomitant to other sociodemographic components, analysis on sociodemographic characteristics is frequently focus on health insurance issues. In the absence of health insurance, patients are most apparently to delay medical care; it appears to go without needed medical care, and probably to go in the absence of prescription medications. Despite the fact that the insufficiency of financial funds is a barricade to health care access for many nations, the influence on access become evident to be pronounced for minority populations. Structural barriers include excessive time spent in the waiting room, an inability to schedule appointments quickly or during convenient hours and poor transportation, each of which influence persons willingness and to acquire needed care. In rural areas, high cities and communities with great congregation of minority populations, access to medical care may be restricted because of the shortage of, specialists, primary care practitioners and diagnostic facilities. Furthermore, language differences (most especially those non-English proficient minorities) impede access to medical care. Health literacy is about patients having problems understanding, obtaining and processing basic health information. To give an instance, patients with a deficient comprehension of good health may not knowledgeable when it is needed to attempt to find care for definite symptoms. Although issues with health literacy are not confined to minority groups, the situation may further utter in these groups due to educational and socioeconomic factors. Age may as well be a determinant in health disparities for particular reasons. As numerous older individual draw breath on fixed incomes this can create paying for health care expenses burdensome. Besides, they unlikely encounter other hurdle such as lack of transportation or weaken mobility that makes accessing health care services difficult for them physically. Moreover, they cannot have the possibility to access health information through the internet over their age. This may place older individuals at an unfavourable position in terms of retrieving important information regarding their health and by means to protect it. Communication is vital for the delivery of effective and appropriate care and treatment, despite of a patient’s culture, and miscommunication may result to improper use of medications, incorrect diagnosis and failure to undergo follow-up medical care. The relationship of patient’s provider is reliant on the capacity of both individuals to efficiently communicate. Culture and language both involved in significant task in communication in the course of a medical consultation. Among the patient populace, minorities appears considerable amount of difficulty in conveying concerns and understanding with their physicians. In stand of the Health Care Quality Survey conducted by the Commonwealth Fund (2001), American patients during interview responded that nineteen percent (19%) of the time they experience difficulty communicating with their health providers which included feeling doctor listened, understanding doctor, and had questions yet did not enquire. As oppose to the Hispanic population comprise the relatively large problem communicating with their health provider, thirty-three percent (33%) of the time. It is fact that communication is associated to health outcomes, as communication enhanced so certainly patient satisfaction which result to enhanced compliance and will progress health outcomes. The result of incapacity to communicate with care providers has influence the quality of care. Language takes significant role in communication and determined attempt need to take hold to make sure perfect communication involving patient and provider. Those non-English speakers that utter the need of an interpreter in the time of clinical visits proclaim having one. In the absence of interpreters in the course of clinical visit add up to the communication barrier. Moreover, incapacity of providers to convey information with deficient English proficient patients results to, more invasive procedures, over prescribing of medications and more diagnostic procedures. Poor communication is a factor to compliance of medical services and health outcomes. Heaps of health-related environments make available interpreter services for their deficient English proficient patients. It is indeed been helpful when health providers do not communicate the similar language as the patient. But, there is ascending affirmation that patients require communicating with a language concomitant physician to sustain the desirable medical care, be satisfied with the care experience and bond with the physician. Further communication difficulty upshot from a decrease or reduce of cultural proficiency by health providers. It is also a great value for health providers to be aware of patients’ health practices and beliefs unescorted judgments or reactions. Comprehending a patients’ perspective of health and disease is essential for treatment and diagnosis. So health providers required to assess patients’ health practices and beliefs to refine quality of care. The health decisions made by the patients can be influenced by cultural beliefs, sceptical Western medicine, and hierarchical and familial roles, every single one of these a white health provider may not be familiar with. Another disparity could be discrimination. This is where health care providers likewise consciously or unconsciously handle certain ethnic and racial patients distinctively from other patients. It may be because of stereotypes that health providers may have concerning racial/ethical groups. Physicians are more possibly to set down negative cultural stereotypes among their minority patients. It may happen despite of high regard for personality characteristics, income and education. Meanwhile the United States of America favour the term health disparity, some other countries more usually utilise such terms as health inequity or health inequality (Carter Pokras Baquet, 2002). Specifically, the word health inequalities are more commonly used in New Zealand, Europe and Great Britain. According to Harper Lynch (2005) health disparity includes elements of both health inequality and health inequity. Moreover, inequality is a difference that can be observable and measurable; on the other hand inequity encompasses an ethical judgment participate in resolution of the difference. Moreover, in relation to global health disparities discussed, three of the ten (10) facts about health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand based on New Zealand Medical Association and University of Otago prepared by Tony Blakely and Don Simmers (June, 2011) has similarly contribute to the access of health care. These include: (1) Almost all other countries, there is inclination of increasing mortality or exacerbating health right from one side of the affluent to deprived, socio-economic hierarchy, or from rich to poor and most educated to least educated. The socioeconomic differences have made mortality rates broadened in corresponding terms until year 2000, yet have inclined to be stable after all. A close basis of expanding disparity in life expectancy via income about 2000 is indeed apparent. Those people in the top-level of incomes have a 5-6 year satisfaction in life expectancy in contrast to the lowest. New Zealand is level at about average for rich countries in the realistic magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality. (2) An unequal division of social determinants such as housing conditions, employment, and income conditions is crucial to driving health inequalities. Unemployment and economic conditions ameliorate between 1994 and 1998, and there is a fall of child poverty. In distinction to, 1998-2004 rates diversified be conditional on the measure, afterwards with Working for Families child poverty momentum cut down from 2004-2007. (3) Behavioural predisposing factors and health services as well come up with inequalities of health. Tobacco is exceptionally significant, as to healthy eating. Health services is further substantial, primarily as the efficacy of supportive care and treatments to both decrease morbidity and mortality happen to be more effective and more great in number. Discuss and critically analyse the rationale or justifications for putting into place each of the below listed types of policy intervention solutions globally to address the contemporary health issue highlighted in disparities of access to health care Education and Training Institutions should consider conducting research to determine up-to-date and effective policy and program solutions to lessen or diminish health disparities. It is essential to conduct outreach to expand the diversity such as racial/ethnic, disability, income in health care and public-related health careers. They should put forward preventive services (such as vision, oral care, hearing screenings and mental health services) for all children and elderly, particularly those at risk. Lastly, they have to develop and carry out local plan of action to reduce psychosocial, environmental conditions and health that take hold of access to health care. Tax Benefits and Payments to Caregiver Increase tax benefits and refunds for those who have below minimum wage workers and use data to spot populations at greatest risk and partner with communities to implement government programs and policies on mitigations that addresses highest priority health needs. Government should allocate good payment, health benefits and remuneration to caregivers because they are the first line of health providers in terms of access to health services needed by the people. Respite Care This type of care should be available and accessible every time the concerned individual needed it such as caring for disabled individual and older clients. Expand the communication and cultural competence of health care providers in the respite care service. Train and hire further qualifies staff from marginalised ethnic and racial minorities and people with disabilities. Intensify care systematisation and quality of care like integrated care teams. Business Regulation combining Work and Care giving Health markets should comply with statutory policies and regulations concerning medical costs, availability of health services and health care professionals, equal treatment of patients especially those who belong to minority group and children, pregnant woman, chronic conditions or disabilities and elderly, and lastly, consider the community’s needs and demands of health care. Financial Support and Provision of Pension Credits for Care giving. Involved all professionals from a variety of sectors (such as labor, health, education, environment and transportation) with community representatives to make sure that community health needs are recognised and that needs and barriers are attended. Expand cheaper or affordable health services that will ameliorate favourable chances for health care coverage and access as component of efforts to lessen disparities among individuals who are deprived of health. Conclusion It is a fact that health is vital to human existence. A person cannot perform his activities of daily living without being on a state of wellness. In this study, there are numerous factors that brought about disparities of access to health care. The essential qualities of health disparities evaluated were lack of insurance coverage, lack of financial resources, structural barriers, shortage of health care providers, linguistic barriers, health literacy, discrimination and age. Most of the population affected by these circumstances are minority groups, children, pregnant woman, chronic conditions or disabilities and elderly. To deliver policies further productive and effective to eliminate and prevent health disparities, understanding of scientific facts in determinants of health disparities is vital. In addition, it highlights the prominence of factors outside the immediate authority of the health sectors particularly the social welfare, labour, housing, market sectors, local government and education, in shaping the health of the population. On the other note, accomplishment in alleviating disparities in health leads to positive results for the individual, society and economy.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun :: essays research papers

Part A: One striking aspect in â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† was in Act II Scene III, when Bobo gives Walter the news that Willy went off with the money for the liquor business. I honestly did not think that would happen. I respected Willy to be one of Walter’s good friends. I thought they would invest in the liquor business together and make good money. I was in total disbelief when Bobo announced the bad news. Also in Act III, I did not expect Walter to change his mind about accepting Mr. Linder’s â€Å"exchange†. I was totally surprised to find out Walter finally â€Å"comes into his manhood† with his decision. My perception of him changed for the better. For once throughout the entire play, I was proud of what Walter did. Part B: Does A Raisin on the Sun present timeless issues? No, A Raisin in the Sun presents many issues that are still common today. For example, my families today go through hard times such as deciding to have an abortion. Ruth became pregnant and actually put a down payment for an abortion. During the 1950’s abortions were illegal, making her decision even harder. Abortions are difficult decisions many women face today as well. Another issue still common today are problems in marriage. At one point in the play Walter and Ruth’s love for one another was questioned. They fought badly at times, thus their marriage was heading in the wrong direction. In today’s society 50% of marriages end in divorce indicating major problems with the partners. Lastly, racism still exists today. The Youngers faced racism before they even moved into their new house when Mr. Linder offers the Youngers money in exchange for moving somewhere else. Mr. Linder and the rest of the white community thought this decision was for the best for the community. Mr. Linder gives them the offer without even giving the family a chance, thus showing prejudice. Justina Klecha Intro to Literature 150-26 Professor Clovia Feldman February 15, 2005 Exploration of the Text How does the urban setting establish the atmosphere and mood of the play?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The urban setting establishes the perfect atmosphere. If the setting were in a rural area, the mood of the play would be different. Jobs for example, would be harder to have and maintain. This would cause more tension and problems with the family. Transportation would also have been more difficult. In the urban setting, automobiles were available as transportation.

Comparison of the Chinese and American Cultures Essay

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, culture is defined as â€Å"the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior that depends upon the capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations.† Culture is an aspect all groups of humans have and even though it is an aspect our species shares, the supposed differences make it seem like we are of different species! Culture is something that both connects and separates us. Culture is something distinct enough to create barriers among us, such as: linguistic barriers and behavioral barriers. And this is especially seen between the American and Chinese cultures. River Town, by Peter Hessler, is a non-fiction novel that depicts Peter’s experiences as a Peace Corps volunteer in Fuling, China. He was sent to Fuling (a poor town on the banks of the Yangtze River) in 1996 and taught English and American literature for two years at a teachers college. This novel, in reading, seems more of a journal and thus, his writing of China puts the people and his experiences on a more personal level. He describes, with immense detail, his observations of the social, political and cultural issues of China and his experience as a waiguoren (foreigner). At his arrival, the people of the teachers college showered him and his fellow Peace Corps volunteer with many gifts and did everything they could to make them feel comfortable and welcome. However, alternately, whenever Peter would walk outside the campus of the school, the people would stare and gawk at him and yell, â€Å"outsider!† and â€Å"hello† out of curiosity and their own amusemen t. This made him dedicate a large part of his day solely to learning Chinese. As he becomes more proficient in Chinese, he develops friendships and connections and begins to feel more accepted. He talks about the troubled history of China: the struggles of land reform, decades of misguided economic policies and especially the damaging effects of the Cultural Revolution. Peter spends a good deal discussing the, then, upcoming  project of the Three Gorges Dam, which has an immense, detrimental impact on the people. The project will require millions of villagers to be displaced and will destroy centuries worth of meaningful history. The author gives a very vivid illustration of the beautiful landscape, history and the people he meets. He also portrays the, especially political, perspectives of the Chinese quite well through learning from his students and teachers. According to Francis Hsu, the two sets of contrasts are: individual-centered versus situation-centered and the prominence of emotions versus the underplay of all matters regarding the heart. He believed Americans are concerned only of themselves and act according to what would be beneficial to them, and that the Chinese acted according to the situation at hand. The Chinese avoid direct confrontation, open criticism and controversial topics to maintain harmony. â€Å"In America, he saw the blind, often excessive pursuit of self-reliance and the inherent, permanent instability of human relationships as the root cause of many intractable social ills, including crime, racial discord, and the sale of influence in government. In China, he saw the traditional narrow focus on kinship based relationships had rendered their society unable to effectively counter Western colonialism, widespread poverty and famine, and even the practice of foot binding of women.† (Tong 2001) One aspect of the book that really interested me was the education system and different cultural differences of how education is looked upon. In the book, the students all had the same thoughts on almost every issue and those opinions would be unwavering. However, â€Å"Perhaps by my standards they were politically brainwashed, but compared to the past they were remarkably free.† (Hessler 2001:23) They would also communicate indirectly to Hessler; often times via their journals. Not only is the learning environment in China highly competitive and demanding, but expectations are high of students, forcing them to simply learn to achieve the highest grade possible. Also, Chinese students do not have electives they can choose from, they are assigned classes that best correspond to their scores on tests. Whereas in America, individualism and self-expression if looked high upon. Thus, in America, the individual student’s abilities and skills determine  where they go in the future, and in China, what society or their parents want determines where they go. This is exactly what Francis Hsu talked about. I believe Peter Hessler was relatively objective in his journaling. Whenever he brought up thoughts or opinions of his students or any of the Fuling people, he briefly gave the history and background of them so we can understand where they are coming from. However, there were a few times where you could sense his extreme bias, but this was never fully evident in his writing. The difference between American and Chinese homes reflects the contrasting patterns of behavior in the family. In the US, children are highly regarded, cared for and have privilege, so far as to have laws and regulations protecting them. In China, children are taken for granted and have little to no reason to expect protection. Pediatrics was not a branch of medicine in China until just recently. In America, what is important is what parents should do for their parents; in China, what is important is what the children should do for their parents. This is a major reason why Chinese students are so focused on getting the best grades, so they can get a good job and take care of their elders. This is the basis for Filial Piety (virtue of respect for one’s parents and ancestors). American students focus on what is best for them and will usually move out the house at age 18 with no regard to taking care of their elders. Another difference between the two cultures is social relations hips. The Chinese have formal, hierarchal relationships in which they feel most comfortable knowing their position. Americans have informal, egalitarian relationships in which they feel most comfortable among their equals and social ranking is not important. Ironically however, the Chinese tend to have a few, very close friends to whom they feel obligated to when it comes to helping them; Americans tend to have numerous â€Å"friends† and acquaintances that changes over time and to whom they feel no obligations. Works Cited 2001 River Town: Two years on the Yangtze. HarperCollins Publishers. Aguilar, Leslie, and Linda Stokes 1996. Multicultural Customer Service: Providing Outstanding Service Across Cultures. Chicago: Times Mirror Higher Education Group, Inc â€Å"CultureAbout Our Definitions: All Forms of a Word (noun, Verb, Etc.) Are Now Displayed on One Page.† Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2013 Li Qing 1995. â€Å"Face, Guanxi, Houmen(r) & Elastic Rules: Insight into the Chinese Culture.† Presentation at conference of NAFSA: Association of International Educators. Tong, William K. â€Å"Excerpts from Americans & Chinese by Francis Hsu.† Excerpts from Americans & Chinese by Francis Hsu. Oakton Community College, 2001. Web. 22 Apr. 2013

Resettlement Patterns in Spanish Colonialm System in the Philippines Essay

Spain and Portugal were the two superpowers who pushed through their ultimate goals to discover the rest of the world. These nations, with their greed for material wealth, set colonies in the Americas, Africa and East Asia to establish their powers to greater heights. Because of a high demand for exotic spices in Europe, Spain was forced to circumnavigate the world in search for the Spice Islands (Muruku Islands) with an ultimate goal which was to accumulate wealth through mercantilist trade and to expand the rule of Spain throughout the corners of the globe. Because of this, Spain met the islands of the Philippines. The rediscovery of our country by Magellan on March 17, 1521, marks a new age in our history. After this discovery, Spain sent various expeditions for the conquest and colonization of our country, namely the Loaisa expedition (1525), the Cabot expedition (1526), the Saavedra expedition (1527), the Villalobos expedition (1542), and the Legazpi expedition (1564). It was the Legazpi expedition which succeeded in colonizing our country and establishing Spanish rule. Spain had three aims in colonizing our country, namely (1) to spread Christianity, (2) material wealth, and (3) to acquire political glory. Under Spanish rule our country developed religiously, economically, politically, and culturally. Our land acquired a national name  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬- Filipinas. Our people came to be known as Filipinos. Towns, cities, provinces, schools, hospitals and charitable institutions were established. New plants and animals, the Christian religion and Spanish civilization, and new industries were introduced. Domestic and foreign trades with China and Japan were fostered. Communication and transportation were improved. Our country during the Spanish reign was a crown colony of Spain, in the sense that it belonged to the Spanish crown. From 1565 to 1821, our archipelago was governed by the Viceroy of Mexico in the name of the Spanish king. All officials, royal decrees, and troops for the Philippines came from Mexico. It was also the Mexican viceroy, not the king of Spain, who sent the annual subsidy to Manila to cover up the annual deficit of the Philippine government. In 1821 Mexico won her independence from Spain, so that from this year to 1898, Spain directly ruled our country. Spain as a colonizing power was marred by certain defects such as (1) inefficiency and corruption in the colonial government, (2) abuses by the friars, (3) racial discrimination against our people, (4) denial of human rights to Filipinos, and (5) inequality of Spaniards and Filipinos before the law. These colonial defects, however, were offset by the good things done by Spain in our country. By and large, we owe her a lasting debt of gratitude. She gave the majority of the people a great religion, taught us how to build more durable buildings, roads, and trade facilities, introduced new crops and livestock and better methods of farming, and brought our people into contact with the western culture. Settlement Patterns Before and During the Spanish Period During the Pre-Colonial period, the social unit in the Philippine islands was the barangay which comes from the Malay term balangay meaning boat. They were headed by a datu or the village chief. Barangays were generally small and consisted of thirty to one hundred houses and the population varied from one hundred to five hundred persons. The largest barangay was Manila which had two thousand inhabitants at the time of the Spanish conquest. Communities were coastal, near-coastal and riverine in orientation. This was because the principal sources of protein came from the seas and rivers; people rely more on fishing than on hunting. People travelled principally by water, the movement of the population were across rivers and along the coasts. Trails followed by the streams; neither roads nor any wheeled vehicles were there. It was in the coastal communities that were more accessible to traders where a higher degree of development emerged. A higher cultural level was attained due to contact with traders from China, India and Arabia. The economy of the barangay communities deeply relied on agriculture. There was an abundance of rice, coconuts, sugar cane, cotton, hemp, bananas, oranges, and other fruits and vegetables. Land cultivation was done through the kaingin system or by tilling. Pigafetta, the chronicler of Magellan, noted that there was an abundant produce of the land in Cebu as well as in Palawan. Productivity was increased by the use of irrigation ditches, as evidenced by the world-famous Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao. Aside from agriculture, pre-colonial Filipinos had other industries such as animal-raising, lumbering, weaving and gold and silver mining. The absence of a political unity involving all or the majority of the people of the archipelago allowed the Spanish conquistadores to impose their will on the people step by step even with a few hundreds of colonial troops at the start. The successful voyage of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to the Philippines was a prequel to the long term colonization of t he country under the imperialist Spain. The Filipino society, split up into numerous barangay units, faced the impossibility to put up an effective armed resistance against the well-equipped and prepared conquistadores; an almost â€Å"bloodless† conquest of the Philippines was then accomplished. It was Legazpi who in 1565 and thereafter succeeded in hoodwinking a large number of barangay chieftains typified by Sikatuna in quelling recalcitrant barangays with the sword and in establishing under the cross the first colonial settlements in Visayas and subsequently in Luzon.The kind of society that developed in more than three centuries of Spanish rule was colonial and feudal. It was a society basically ruled by the landlord class, which included the Spanish colonial officials, the Catholic religious orders and the local puppet chiefs. The masses of the people were kept to the status of serfs and even the freemen became dispossessed. In the classic fashion of feudalism, the union of church and state suffused the entire colonial structure. All colonial subjects fell under friar control from birth until death. In the material base as well as in the superstructure, friar control was total and most oppressive in the towns situated in vast landed estates owned by the religious orders. In the colonial center as well as in every province, the friars exercised vast political powers. They supervised such diverse affairs as taxation, census, statistics, primary schools, health, public works and charities. They certified the correctness of residence certificates, the condition of men chosen for military service, the municipal budget, the election of municipal officials and police officers and the examination of pupils in the parochial schools. The Encomienda and Hacienda Encomiendas are grants from the Spanish crown to a Spaniard to exercise control over a specific place including its inhabitants. It is from the Spanish word â€Å"encomendar† which literally means to entrust. Thus, a definite number of â€Å"souls† or inhabitants of a territory were entrusted to the care of an encomendero. The encomienda grant can only be passed up to the third generation and was then given back as the crown’s property. There were three kinds of encomiendas: (1) the royal encomiendas, belonging to the king of Spain, (2) the ecclesiastical encomiendas, belonging to the church, and (3) private encomiendas, belonging to private individuals who were rewarded for their services to the crown. The encomienda was an administrative unit with powers to collect tribute and to use the personal services of the inhabitants of their encomiendas. In return, the encomenderos were supposed to look after the welfare of the natives and to give them some education. Theoretically, each encomendero, in whose care a native settlement, was entrusted a threefold responsibility: (1) to protect the natives by maintaining peace and order within the encomienda, (2) to support the missionaries in their work of converting the people to Catholicism, and (3) to help in the defense of the colony. In return for these services, the crown authorized the encomendero to collect a tribute of eight reales or its equivalent in kind from all 19 to 60 year old males in the encomienda. At least one-fourth of the total collection went to the encomendero, another portion to the friars, and the rest to the government. What seemed to be beneficial for the natives’ development was turned the other way around. The encomienda system was generally characterized by greed and cruelty. The encomenderos exercised their powers to the full but for the most part ignored their duties and treated the natives as slaves. They saw the grant as nothing more than an opportunity to enrich themselves and used every opportunity open to him, whether in the collection of tributes or in the unlawful exaction of numerous services. Antonio de Morga writes: â€Å"They employ the indios in building houses and large vessels, grinding rice, cutting wood, and carrying it all to their houses and to Manila and then pay them little or nothing for their labor.† Regarding the collection of tributes, the encomenderos forced the natives to pay a higher rate of tribute; they collected according to their personal whim. When gold was abundant and money was scarce, they demanded cash or reales; when the reales were plentiful and there was scarcity of gold, they asked for gold even when the poor Filipinos were coerced to buy them. Encomenderos sometimes seized the entire quantity of his rice from the Filipino without leaving him a grain to eat. Many Filipinos died of starvation, especially during famine and drought due to the scarcity of rice and they were forced to eat coconut and banana shoots. If the Filipinos resisted, they were publicly fogged, tortured or jailed. The unjust collection of tributes was one of the primary causes of intermittent uprisings in the Philippines. Haciendas grew out of the encomienda system and the hacienda system is still being used today; however, haciendas during the Spanish occupation era were given as incentives to deserving Spanish friars who will act as land lords. It has the characteristic of a feudal system which was prevalent in Europe during those times. Encomienda and hacienda system were forms of colonial appropriation but they were never the same and one did not necessarily lead to the other. The exploitative relations are based on and grow out of the ownership by the landlord of the tracts of land from which the tenants derive their livelihood. The hacendero has the right of inheritance and free disposition, two rights not covered by an encomienda grant. The exploitations of the hacenderos are more disguised than that of the encomendero through a fiction of partnership, hence the term kasamahan to denote a joint venture and the reference to the tenant as kasama or companion. Instead of tribute-paying, the system denotes sharing of the crops in terms of sharing of risks. The hacenderos will most likely require the lion’s share of the crops but in terms of the expenses for maintenance of the hacienda, the tenants are to pay more. The Center and the Periphery of the Colonial System With the pacification of the Filipino natives, Spain made a colony that will supply the crown with goods for its financial gain. Spain did this by exploitation of the natives so as to produce a product surplus. With the help of the personal greed of Spanish colonial administrators, friars, and officials, the natives, though living in subsistence, were made worse. Bureaucracy in the Philippines during the Spanish period may be divided into different levels of administration, from the national, provincial, city, municipal, and barrio levels. On the national level, with its seat of power in Manila, Intramuros, the governor general (gobernador y capitan-general) became the spokesman and the representative of the King of Spain to the Philippines. He was the commander-in-chief of the military and the navy. He was also the vice-real patron who supervises the work of the Catholic Church to spread the gospel of Christianity in the colony. His great powers were checked by the Real Audiencia (Supreme Court), the archbishop and the civil officials who denounced to the king whatever abuses the governor general might have committed. On the provincial level, heading the alcaldia or provincia was the alcalde mayor for the pacified provinces and districts. The corregimientos or unpacified military zones were headed by the corregidores. Only a Spaniard can be an alcalde mayor or a corregidor. The city government was called as the ayuntamiento and was headed by one or two alcaldes ordinarios. On the municipal level, the gobernadorcillo headed the pueblo or municipio. A Filipino or a Chinese mestizo can be head of the municipio; this was the highest government position a Filipino could attain during the Spanish regime. Barrio government rested on the cabeza de barangay whose main role was to be tax and contributions collector for the gobernadorcillo. All royal officials had the responsibility of keeping peace and order. To check the abuse of power of royal officials, two Castillan institutions, the residencia and the visita were employed. The residencia was the judicial review of a residenciado (one judged) conducted at the term of his office, a visita on the other hand was conducted by an officer sent from Spain and might occur at any time within the official’s term. Residencia and visita were supervised by juez de residencia and visitador-general respectively; its objective is to ensure faithful and efficient service on the part of the government authorities. If proven guilty of public misconduct, an official may be fined, dismissed from office, expelled from the colony, or imprisoned. However, Filipino natives still didn’t escape the exploitation of the government officials. The tribute collectors often abused their offices by collecting more than the law required and appropriating the difference. Many who did not pay, or could not pay were tortured or imprisoned. Others fled to the mountains only to have their houses burned or looted by the Spaniards in punishment for their defiance. In addition to the unjustified tribute, men between the age of sixteen and sixty were required to serve for forty days each year in the labor pool or polo, a form of forced labor. The polistas were seldom paid and death lurked to them and their families. Still another exploitative device was the bandala which was a kind of annual quota for the compulsory sale of rice, hemp and other farm products to the government usually without payment and seldom paid at very low prices. BIBLIOGRAPHY Agoncillo, Teodoro A. History of the Filipino People. Eighth edition, Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, 1990. Constantino, Renato. The Philippines: A Past Revisited. Manila, 1975. The Philippine History & Government. Mobcco. Circa 1970s Riple, Simoun. Philippine Society and Revolution. 1970`